HTTP/2 zero latency write coalescing

Write coalescing is an I/O optimization technique where multiple small writes are merged into a single larger write before sending data to the underlying system. In Http/2, we can batch multiple frames from one or more streams and send them all at once. This reduces the number of syscalls, and avoids sending tiny TCP packets under load.

Nagle’s Algorithm

Most OSes implement Nagle’s Algorithm, which improves the efficiency of TCP/IP networks by reducing the number of packets that need to be sent over the network. However, it interacts poorly with another algorithm called delayed ACK, which can cause a delay of up to 500 milliseconds.

A few weeks ago a Nim user reported a performance issue when using Nim’s std HTTP client. I immediately suspected that Nagle’s Algorithm was the cause—this is one of those things that if you know, you know—and indeed, it was.

While I was reading up on the algorithm again, I thought the general idea is quite good. This got me thinking: could I implement something like it in my application code without the caveats?

After some rubberducking with the IA about buffering and batching techniques, and thinking how could I implement this in nim-hyperx, the idea finally came to me.

Write coalescing

Instead of sending frames right away for every stream in socket.send calls, the frames are added to a buffer. Then the entire buffer is sent in a single socket.send call by a coroutine that waits for the buffer to contain something. The frames are buffered while a socket.send is in progress. This keeps latency low since single frames can be sent right away, while multiple frames will buffer.

The buffer has a size limit, and when this size is reached, we wait for it to be flushed/drained (see the code below). This prevents consuming unbounded memory when we add to the buffer faster than we can socket.send, which is usually the case under some load.

Zero latency (or rather delay) here means we are not waiting for the buffer to reach a certain size, nor do we wait for a given time to pass, nor do we wait for an ACK, as Nagle’s Algorithm does.

The relevant code looks like this:

# This is spawned on client creation
# and runs independently until the client,
# socket, or signal is closed
proc sendTask(client: Client) {.async.} =
  var buf = ""
  while not client.isClosed:
    while client.buf.len == 0:
      await client.bufSignal.waitFor()  # Wait buffer changed signal
    swap buf, client.buf
    client.buf.setLen 0
    client.bufDrainSignal.trigger()  # Fire buffer flushed signal
    check not client.sock.isClosed, newConnClosedError()
    await client.sock.send(addr buf[0], buf.len)

# This is called by a stream to send a frame
proc send(client: Client, frm: Frame) {.async.} =
  client.buf.add frm  # Add the frame to the buffer
  client.bufSignal.trigger()  # Fire buffer changed signal
  if client.buf.len > 64 * 1024:
    # Wait for the buffer to be flushed if size > 64KB.
    await client.bufDrainSignal.waitFor()

The buffer can grow larger than 64KB, but it’s still memory-bounded. This is checked after adding to the buffer to ensure frames are being added in the correct socket.send call order. The buffer’s max size is 64KB+number_of_streams*max_frame_size.

This optimization resulted in a 2x speedup, but more importantly, it sparked a series of optimizations that were only possible because of it, resulting in a 5x speedup. nim-hyperx can currently handle ~245K requests/s running in a single instance, and +1M requests/s running 8 instances on my budget laptop.

This isn’t just good for some silly benchmarks done on localhost, where there is no real I/O latency. It works better in the real world, as the longer the socket.send call takes to complete, the more frames are batched into the buffer.

Profiling

At the time, it didn’t occur to me to reduce the number of syscalls and send bigger data chunks to make better use of TCP packets. I usually use perf, valgrind (callgrind), and strace for profiling, but focus on ways of making the calls go faster rather than decreasing their number. One more lesson learned.

Closing notes

Nagle’s algorithm is good, but sometimes it’s worth to disable it and take care of the batching in the application code. Just disabling it, like nim-hyperx did at first, may not be good enough. Write coalescing is a batching technique that helps make better use of the network and reduce socket.send calls.

I hope you enjoyed this article and found it useful. Until next time.